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Pages you visit will appear hereThe vanity of life without God
| Chapter | Summary | Commentary |
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| 1 |
The Teacher reflects on life’s futility: all is vanity. Generations come and go, and nothing is truly new under the sun.
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Commentary
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| 2 |
The Teacher pursues pleasure, projects, wealth, and wisdom, yet finds them meaningless. Both wise and foolish share the same fate of death.
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| 3 |
There is a time for everything under heaven. God has made everything beautiful in its time. Humans cannot fathom His work from beginning to end.
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| 4 |
The Teacher laments oppression, envy, and toil. Companionship is better than isolation, for two are stronger than one.
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| 5 |
Caution is urged in approaching God. Wealth and possessions cannot satisfy, but fearing God and enjoying His gifts brings meaning.
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| 6 |
Riches without the ability to enjoy them are meaningless. Human desires are endless, and the future is uncertain.
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| 7 |
Wisdom is valuable, though limited. The Teacher reflects on human wickedness and the importance of fearing God.
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| 8 |
Obedience to kings is urged, but ultimate sovereignty belongs to God. Humans cannot fully understand His ways.
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| 9 |
Death comes to all. The Teacher urges enjoying life’s simple pleasures as God’s gift, for wisdom and effort alone cannot control outcomes.
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| 10 |
Wisdom protects, but folly brings danger. Leaders and workers are exhorted to act wisely and avoid foolishness.
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| 11 |
Take risks and be generous, for the future is uncertain. Youth should rejoice but remember God will judge all deeds.
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| 12 |
Remember your Creator in youth, before old age and death come. The conclusion: fear God and keep His commandments, for this is the whole duty of man.
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